www.maryvilleacademy.org

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Taken from the OU course ‘Radiotherapy and its physics’ (S819)

http://www3.open.ac.uk/study/undergraduate/science/index.htm

http://www.open.ac.uk/use

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Re-excision with a 1.0-cm margin is recommended for tumors up to 2.0 mm thick and a margin of 2.0 cm is recommended for tumors up to 4.0 mm thick. Ulceration increases the risk of a lesion as the

Breslow level can be underestimated. Sentinel node biopsy should be considered for stage IB and all stage II patients, patients with melanomas greater than 1 mm in histologic depth. The number of

involved regional nodes is a stronger predictor of survival than the size of involved nodes. Sentinel lymph node status predicts both the risk of recurrence and mortality as shown. The therapeutic

benefit of lymph node biopsy and thus removal of microscopic metastases is currently under study. For stages IIB, IIC and III, adjuvant treatment is often recommended with high-dose interferon.

Oncology referral and/or tumor board review should be considered.

Duration : 0:1:30

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Formation of the microcomedo or comedogenesis is thought to be the

primary process in the pathogenesis of acne. Excess desquamation of

follicular keratinocytes, abnormalities in sebum production and

migration of immune cells that release proinflammatory cytokines are

responsible for creation of the microcomedo. This lesion may evolve

into noninflammatory open and closed comedones.

P. acne bacteria proliferation in this sebum-keratinocyte mixture

generates free fatty acids which are comedogenic. They also induce the formation of cytokines that induce inflammatory cells to invade and

produce papules, pustules and cysts.

Acne treatments are designed to reverse abnormal desquamation of

epithelial cells, stop the proliferation of P. acnes and reduce the

excess production of sebum.

Reduction of Epithelial Desquamation

Topical agents that affect the desquamation of follicular epithelial

cells and have activity against comedogenesis are tretinoin,

tazarotene, adapalene, azelaic acid and salicylic acid. Topical

tretinoin reduces the numbers of microcomedones and comedones by

slowing the desquamation processes. Oral isotretinoin causes a decrease in the size of comedones and a

reduction their formation.

Topical and systemic antibiotics cause a small reduction in the number

of comedones. Salicylic acid has a week effect on comedogenesis.

Prevention of Proliferation of P. acnes

P. acnes proliferates in the lipid environment of the sebaceous

follicles. The bacteria is sensitive to many antibiotics. The problem

is to find agents that can effectively penetrate the lipid environment. Antibiotics kill the bacteria and inhibit the production of proinflammatory mediators by P. acnes that are not killed. Topical

agents with antibiotic activity include benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin,

erythromycin and azelaic acid.

Effective oral antibiotics include tetracycline, erythromycin,

doxycycline, minocycline, clindamycin, and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.

Reduction of Sebum Production

Topical therapies do not influence the production of sebum. Sebaceous glands are androgen-dependent therefore estrogens and antiandrogens are effective.

Low dose estrogen contraceptives are moderately effective.

Higher dose contraceptives with 50 or more of ethinyl estradiol or

other estrogens were used in the past and were more effective but had

more side effects. Spironolactone 25 to 200 mg per day reduces sebum production and can be very effective. Only women are treated with this antiandrogen. Isotretinoin profoundly reduces sebum production and results in prolonged remissions. A four-to-five-month course of therapy at an average dose of 1.0 mg per kilogram of body weight is required to obtain this effect.

The use of combinations of agents to attack every pathogenic factor is the most effective strategy for managing acne.

Duration : 0:3:57

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The Restoration Of Appearance and Function Trust explain
their work on skin cancer prevention, treatment and safety to young people.

A pinknonsense production by
Grace Filby BA (Hons) Cert Ed FRSA
http://www.relax-well.co.uk
Grace is a Science & Engineering Ambassador for Surrey SATRO, an educational charity.

Text:
RAFTs scientists are working on the PREVENTION of melanoma, on therapeutic TREATMENT and on providing information for the public about SAFETY in the sun.

Skin cancer in the UK is on the increase. Almost every day of the year in the UK a woman between 20 and 29 is diagnosed with malignant melanoma the deadliest form of skin cancer. In this age range, there are twice as many cases of melanoma as there are of breast cancer. Malignant melanoma has now become the most common type of cancer for women in their 20s (CRUK figures).

Prevention
We are studying the different parts of sunlight – visible light, ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B that can trigger the onset of skin cancer. The team has uncovered a problem with current sunscreens which protect against burning from high UVB but give inadequate protection against free radical damage caused by UVA and visible light.

RAFT scientists are looking at how different skin types respond to this UVA and visible light. Dark skins are not necessarily safer from harm. The research has shown that melanin (the natural sunscreen produced during tanning) protects against damage when at the very high concentration found in Afro-Caribbean skin but when it is at lower concentrations it fails as a sunscreen. RAFT’s findings will reveal whether some people are more susceptible to skin cancer than others.

Treatment
The antioxidant system is the body’s natural defensive system against free radical damage. If this becomes unbalanced (as present in some cancers), one route to cancer therapy is to turn the cancer cells machinery against itself. A very well known antioxidant vitamin C appears to be more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells cultured in the laboratory. This is when it is given by intravenous injection at much higher levels than normally found in the body. Other antioxidants at high dose may also be effective at destroying cancer cells but not the normal cells.

Safety

As RAFTs groundbreaking research becomes more well known, young people will be able to make better informed decisions about safety in the sun. A good way to start is to keep your skin’s sun exposure to before 11am and after 3pm in the UK in summer months, and encourage your friends to do the same rather than take the risk of rushing a suntan and triggering deadly skin cancer.
http://www.raft.ac.uk

Music: artist Derek Paravicini
Over the rainbow
SETHCD092
copyright 2006
Echoes of the sounds to be
http://www.sonustech.com/paravicini/index.html
E.Himonides
Derek’s blog: http://derekparavicinisblog.blogspot.com/

Derek Paravicini: In the Key of Genius
by Adam Ockelford
and Music for Children and Young People
by Adam Ockelford

Photography courtesy http://www.philip.greenspun.com

HRH The Duchess of Kent is RAFT’s Chief Patron.

Duration : 0:6:30

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Kevin O’Grady, professor of physics at the University of York, UK, provides an accessible overview that unpicks the fundamental science of magnetic nanoparticles as well as looking ahead to the delivery of real-world diagnostic and therapeutic nanoparticle technologies for clinical medicine.

Duration : 0:8:8

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Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy has been used around the world for over forty years in the prevention and improvement of debilitating conditions and in the enhancement of overall health. In myriad of documented cases HBOT has produced remarkable and miraculous benefits for a wide variety of serious medical conditions. HBOT has also been clinically proven to produce a more efficient immune system, rapid regeneration of cells, and works as a potent anti-aging therapy. Simply stated, significantly increasing the delivery of oxygen to all tissues throughout one’s body results in improved health and vitality.

Informational video on this cosmetic procedure. Presented by Asher Milgrom of American Medical Aesthetics
http://www.amacorp.com

Corporate Headquarters:
2302 Martin Street, Suite 400
Irvine, CA 92612
949.428.4500 x777

Santa Monica Location:
1519 6th Street, Suite 100
Santa Monica, CA 90401
310.460.2444

Produced by SPORE Medical
http://www.sporemedical.com
“Innovative Video Marketing for the Cosmetic Surgery Industry”

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