what is absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion in drug metabolism? and therapeutic agents?

March 22010

what are their uses or definitions? pls.. help me, it’s my report..give me some sure information about all of it and how it’s process takes place in general…thanks a lot..

http://magegame.ru/?rf=53756e736574

Alex Jones – Open Lines Pt2

March 12010

TITLE 50–WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE

CHAPTER 32–CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE PROGRAM

Sec. 1520a. Restrictions on use of human subjects for testing of
chemical or biological agents

(a) Prohibited activities

The Secretary of Defense may not conduct (directly or by contract)–
(1) any test or experiment involving the use of a chemical agent
or biological agent on a civilian population; or
(2) any other testing of a chemical agent or biological agent on
human subjects.

(b) Exceptions

Subject to subsections (c), (d), and (e) of this section, the
prohibition in subsection (a) of this section does not apply to a test
or experiment carried out for any of the following purposes:
(1) Any peaceful purpose that is related to a medical,
therapeutic, pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, or research
activity.
(2) Any purpose that is directly related to protection against
toxic chemicals or biological weapons and agents.
(3) Any law enforcement purpose, including any purpose related
to riot control.

http://www.skyhighway.com/~chemtrails/docs/U_S_%20Code_Title_50_Chapter_32_Section_1520a.html

Duration : 0:10:59

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My heart is heavy, need honest opinion. Guys, please chip in with advice.?

February 282010

OK. On Sept. 1 I met a guy from Spain while vacationing with my friends in Mexico. There was instant chemistry. I had a boyfriend at the time, so all me and Mr. Spain did was talk. From that moment forward I have thought about him every day. And I mean every day. I have tried to forget about him and let it be, but I can’t. While in MX, we exchanged contact info and have been chatting via IM ever since, which is 4 & 1/2 months now. In Oct. I became single, which allowed me to explore the feelings I was having for Mr. Spain. However, how do you explore your feelings with someone who lives in another country? So instead I held my feelings in and continued to talk with him on IM as before. Then recently he proposed that the two of us go on holiday together. That was a very exciting moment for me. I talked with my travel agent, and she found me some good deals on all inclusive trips. I told Mr. Spain about the trips, and he said they sounded great but didn’t indicate anything further like, "Lets book it." It was two days ago that this happened. Then yesterday I wrote an email as if I was writing it to him that told him what I was feeling, that I thought about him a lot and that seeing him again might help me determine if what I am feeling is legit. I didn’t say those words, but that was the overall tone of the email. It was therapeutic (I am a writer at heart, so writing is therapy) to get it all out, but I didn’t hit send. As I was talking to him on IM yesterday evening I mentioned the email, and he asked me to send it. I said that I was scared, and he said never to be scared with him. So I sent it. He said he would read it while at work today. Well, he is now off work as it is almost 10pm in Spain. He has not signed in to IM nor has he emailed me back. I don’t know what to do! I allowed myself to be vulnerable, and now I am sitting here in agony wondering what he thought about what I said. It’s killing me. I just want him to say something about it, even if that something is, "No, I don’t think about you all the time and don’t really care if we see each other again." Yes, it would hurt, but at least I would know. I could then get over it and focus on guys that are here…like the one I am going on a date with tonight. We had our first date two days ago, and he is soooo sweet and funny and charming. But on my drive home I couldn’t get Mr. Spain out of my head. Until I know how he feels, it’s like I can’t give myself to someone else. I am just so afraid that if I didn’t make my feelings known and put effort into seeing Mr. Spain again then I would always wonder "what if." So because of that I don’t regret sending that email, but I’m still dying over here waiting to know what he’ll say or if he’ll ever talk to me again. Anyone have any advice?

Sending the email off to him was a good idea because if nothing else comes of it, a least you won’t have to wonder what if. This fantasy you have…this insatiable desire for him, it is preventing you from functioning as well as you could be in your real, here, now, and available world. Sure it hurts not hearing that he feels the same but it should no way keep you from moving forward (enjoying dating others). Get out your emotions about it and then move on. The whirlwind of emotions had swept you up and overtaken you; don’t let it take your common sense…and don’t let it make you miss out on something special that is waiting for you hear and now.

Can someone edit this mess for me?

February 262010

If I could not read my whole world would be a very dismal and dark place. And I feel sorry for those people who have no interest no desire to read. Reading takes me to a different place, world and time. Reading makes me forget about everything and focus on what the main character is going through and how is he or she going to get out of their troubling dilemma. In a lot of ways reading is very much therapeutic as it helps you forget about a stressful day. It is educational as a nonfiction account of a particular subject, like a war, will teach readers things they did not know before like how cold weather can affect tanks and ultimately the war. Out of the millions upon millions subjects to read about, I personally like to read about the Vampire Chronicles written by Anne Rice and any books by African-American Authors.

I enjoy these types of books mainly because I love the story line to them and how they can keep me wrapped up for hours at a time. I have read all of the Vampire Chronicles which follows a vampire named Lestat around the world, through time and all of the obstacles he faces as both a protagonist and antagonist. I enjoy reading about him because he is so personal and you really see things from his perspective even if it is wrong. The author is also very talented because there are times in which the book isn’t told through Lestat’s perspective but rather another vampire. For example, the first book in the Vampire Chronicles is told from Louis’ (another vampire) perspective and his writing style and views are much different than Lestat. Because Anne Rice is so talented in the way that she writes, all of the vampires have a unique voice and it’s as if the books are written by six to seven different vampires.

The same goes for E. Lynn Harris, who is an accomplished African- American writer. For a long time he wrote books about a character named John Basil Henderson who was a very famous sports agent who was bi sexual but lived a secret life as a gay man. Throughout the books you can see how Basil deals with his sexuality, the people in his life and the haunting of his sexual abuse by his uncle when he was younger. He is very much like a Lestat in the way he goes through life as being both a good and bad guy. Also, like in the Vampire Chronicles certain chapters in these books are told from other characters. The difference in their tone and voice is written and executed. Again, it is another well written book that is simply amazing and keeps me turning the pages.

I enjoy books that keep me in suspense. Books that are not just told from same person from page one to page five hundred fifteen. I like it to be diverse in the narration, the time, and maybe even the place. I like being able to put two and two together to figure what is going to happen next and being surprised. Most of all I just like books that are well written that makes me feel like I am right next to the main character, that I can feel what he or she is feeling, thinking and going through.

Don’t start sentences with "And."
Comma after "world."
The forth sentence isn’t clear. Replacing the first "and" with because I or something similar would make it better.
"He or she" is awkward, change the sentence so you can use they instead.
I personally don’t like "very much."
"It is educational" because. Not as. This sentence is also a run on, and you might want to break it up.
No dash between "African" and "Americans," and "Authors" should be lowercase. The meaning of this sentence isn’t clear. You’re saying you like to read books that mention The Vampire Chronicles and books by African Americans.

Storyline is one word, and no "to them."
Break up the second sentence so you don’t have to use "which." No comma.

Is not, not isn’t. No contractions in a formal essay.
Maybe use since, instead of "because."
No contractions again.

I’d get rid of "who is."
No dash in African American.
The second sentence is a run on. I’d break it up at "who was."
Comma after "people in his life."
Comma after "Vampire Chronicles"
You need a positive word after "executed."

"I like" them. Not "it"
Phrases like "two and two together" are too informal for a formal essay, but it depends what teacher you are writing for.
The last sentence is another run on. The "that" needs to be and.

ProArgi9

February 262010

ProArgi-9 Plus is Synergys top selling product and the cornerstone of any nutritional regimen. One serving contains 5,000 mg (5 grams) of elemental pharmaceutical grade l-arginine. Often referred to as the miracle molecule, l-arginine has potent health-enhancing properties.

The remarkable properties of l-arginine were validated by the 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine, and since then have created a frenzy of interest in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields. The efficacy of l-arginine as a therapeutic agent has been validated by thousands of scientific clinical studies.

ProArgi-9 Plus was formulated in collaboration with leading l-arginine researchers such as J. Joseph Prendergast and other cardiovascular specialists who have conducted pioneering research in the proper application of l-arginine in promoting cardiovascular health. These experts have helped create the best l-arginine product on the market.

L-arginine is best known for its cardiovascular benefits. In the body, l-arginine is converted to nitric oxide, which relaxes the blood vessels. This reduces stress on the heart and improves circulation. L-arginine is the body’s major source for nitric oxide synthesis. Without nitric oxide, human life would not be possible. L-arginine also reduces blood viscosity. Scientific studies have shown that l-arginine significantly reduces blood pressure levels.

L-arginine also enhances health in a number of other ways. It improves immune function, stimulates the release of human growth hormone (HGH), promotes healthy sexual function, may boost energy levels, helps to build muscle, and reduces adipose tissue body fat.

ProArgi-9 Plus is a unique product with far-reaching health benefits and powerful support for the cardiovascular system. With ProArgi-9 Plus, youre giving your body the support necessary for a long, healthy life.

Duration : 0:7:29

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Pharmacology calculation! need immedite help please!Can anyone help solving it?

February 242010

currently enrolling in a pharmacology course, and i am struggling with this one question:

Acyclovir is a new potent and selective anti-viral agent.When administered to human beings,most of the drug is eliminated from the body unchanged,via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.Due to its large therapeutic index,the maximum plasma level after administration can be 1.3mg/L without causing any side effect,whereas the clinical effective plasma concentration needs to be higher than 0.06mg/L.The bioavailability of the orally administered Acyclovir is low(20%),and dosing is required 2-5times a day.Acyclovir.For a 70kg adult,the elimination rate constant is 0.28hr and apparent volume of distribution is 56liters approx.The oral dose is considered to be formulated as 200mg or 400mg.Due to a limitation of sustained release capsule,the absorption rate constant of oral dosing form can be controlled as 0.167hr,or 0.083hr.Design a possible once-a-day oral dosing form(the best D and Ka)

This question is really more appropriate for the engineering or math sections. Consider the human body as a box. Drug is going in and drug is coming out. Your ultimate goal for this question is to figure out what the concentration of the drug is inside the box at any given time (and you will want it to be in the range of 0.06-1.3 mg/L). The only info you have are the rates at which things are going in and coming out. These won’t tell you what the concentration is, but they will tell you how it is changing over time–and you can figure out the concentration based on this since you know the starting condition.

First, what is going into the box at any given time?
(1) D * ba * exp(-ka * t) / V
where D is the dosage (either 200 or 400 mg), ba is the bioavailability (20%), ka is the absorption constant (either 0.167/hr or 0.083/hr), t is time, and V is volume of distribution (56 L).

Second, what is coming out of the box at any given time?
(2) C * ke
where C is the concentration, and ke is the elimination constant (0.28/hr).

The change in concentration with time is equal to [stuff going in] – [stuff coming out].
(3) dC/dt = [D * ba * exp(-ka * t) / V] – [C * ke]

rearrange to:
dC + ke*C*dt = D * ba * exp(-ka * t) / V * dt

If you have been assigned this problem, then you must know how to solve differential equations. Analytically, you can solve this first-order linear differential equation using an integrating factor of exp(ke*t).

(4) dC*exp(ke*t) + ke*C*dt*exp(ke*t) = D*ba*exp(-ka*t)/V*dt*exp(ke*t)

The left side of the equation (4) is the differential of C*exp(ke*t) (that’s the whole trick behind the use of integrating factors). So when you integrate both sides of the equation and you get:

(5) C*exp(ke*t) = A + Int{ D*ba*exp(-ka*t)/V *dt*exp(ke*t)}
where A is a constant of integration and Int{ denotes the integral operator.

Solve this to get
(6) C = {A + D*ba*exp[(ke-ka)*t] / V / (ke-ka)} / exp(ke*t)
You could also solve equation (3) computationally, but why bother?

You can solve for A using either the initial condition of C(0) = 0 or C(0) = 0.06. Just make sure to specify which one you used.

Now you have the function C(t). You can plot it using the two possible values for D and the two possible values of ka over a time period of 24 hours. You should find that D=200 mg and ka=0.167/hr are the only values that keep the plasma concentration within the therapeutic range.

Pro Argi 9 Buy online at www.synergy-products.co.uk

February 232010

The remarkable properties of l-arginine were validated by the 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine, and since then have created a frenzy of interest in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields. The efficacy of l-arginine as a therapeutic agent has been validated by thousands of scientific clinical studies and is now available to buy online in the UK. www.synergy-products.co.uk

* Supports cardiovascular health
* Enhances blood flow to vital organs
* Combats cardiovascular aging
* Sweetened with Xylitol to enhance oral health
* Great tasting cirtus berry flavor
* Anti-aging benefits
* Supports healthy sexual performance
* May aid in decreasing body fat
* Maintains healthy blood sugar levels
* May boost energy levels

Duration : 0:7:51

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Mystery Riddle: Who done it?

February 222010

Detective Larson gazed around the cluttered dingy apartment. The aging famous columnist Max Worthington had been fatally stabbed. His agent, Roger, had called the police when Max failed to submit his column to the newspaper.

Max’s body was draped over his manual typewriter. The detective glanced at the paper in the typewriter. It appeared to be the writer’s column. The victim’s head rested on the keyboard and had apparently hit random keys causing the last line of the article to be followed by "49t34 w5qgg3e j3". The detective was surprised to see that Max had used a typewriter rather than a computer. Roger, Max’s agent, explained that Max found it therapeutic to pound the keys on his typewriter, and despised computers.

Out of a list of acquaintances provided by Max’s agent, the detective questioned the following people.

Marisa had been separated from Max for the last year and a half. Although initially the split had been amicable, lately things had gotten nasty about the latest division of their assets. Max was willing to give Marisa the mansion and a generous lump sum payment, but wanted to draw the line at the excessive alimony being demanded by Marisa’s lawyer. Marisa was living in the mansion and had a generous pre-alimony settlement and an extremely attractive new boyfriend.

Jillian was Max’s current girlfriend. She definitely was a looker and by all appearances was extremely high maintenance. She was also the spring in this May/December romance. Although crying, she was devastatingly attractive in her designer dress. She had a Gucci bag, wore emerald and diamond jewelry and on her wrist a new Rolex. The detective suspected her grief was for the loss of her "gravy train" and not for the deceased.

Max’s brother, Gerald, had been dating Marisa when Max had stolen her away. Gerald still held a grudge and blatantly told the detective that "he was glad his brother was dead and good riddance". He hinted that he might try to win Marisa back, now that his brother was dead.

After a brief investigation an arrest was made. Who did the detective arrest?
explain how you got the answer

The agent Roger stabbed him….the clue ‘49t34 w5qgg3e j3′ means roger Stabbed me…..Max’s hands were on the wrong keys, and he typed the letters higher than the ones he wanted

can you translate this to english to tagalog?

February 202010

Health care or healthcare is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions.
- Health care" means preventative, diagnostic, therapeutic, rehabilitative, maintenance or palliative care, services, procedures or counseling, including appropriate assistance with disease or symptom management and maintenance, that affects an individual’s physical, mental or behavioral condition, including individual cells or their components or genetic information, or affects the structure or function of the human body or any part of the human body. …
HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
A health care provider is anyone who provides health care to another person or persons as a profession.
- means any person, corporation, facility or institution licensed or otherwise authorized by the Commonwealth to provide health care services, including, but not limited to, any physician, coordinated care organization, hospital, health care facility, dentist, nurse, optometrist, podiatrist, physical therapist, psychologist, chiropractor or pharmacist and an officer, employee or agent of such person acting in the course and scope of employment or agency related to health care services.

Health care providers include
1.physicians,
2.nurses,
3.physician assistants,
4.nurse practitioners
5.and other specific provider of health
TYPES OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES:
1.HEALTH PROMOTION AND ILLNESS PREVENTION
Health Promotion – addresses areas such as adequate and proper nutrition, weight control and exercise, and stress reduction. It emphasizes the important role clients play in maintaining their own health and encourage them to maintain the highest level of wellness they can achieve.
Illness prevention- maybe directed at the client or the community and involved in such practices as providing immunization, identifying risk factors for illness, and helping people tae measures to prevent these illness from occurring. It also includes environmental programs that can reduce the incidence of disability and illness.

2.DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
-Hospital and physicians’ officer have been the major agencies offering these complex services.
DIAGNOSIS- the identifying of an illness or disorder in a patient through an interview, physical examination, and medical tests and other procedures
TREATMENT- the application of medical care to cure disease, heal injuries, or ease symptoms

3.REHABILITATION, HEALTH RESTORATION, AND PALLIATIVE CARE
REHABILITATION- is a process of restoring ill or injured people to optimum and functional level of wellness
REHABILITATIVE CARE- emphasizes the importance of assisting clients to function adequately in physical, mental, social, economic, and vocational areas of their life.
PALLIATIVE CARE-providing comfort and treatment for symptoms.
RESTORATION-the return of something that was removed, or the restoring of something to a former condition.
TYPES OF HEALTH AGENCIES
1.Hospital- building for medical care: an institution where people receive medical, surgical, or psychiatric treatment and nursing care
2.Public health- community health: the general health of a community and the practice and study of ways to preserve and improve this. It includes health education, sanitation, control of diseases, and regulation of pollution.
3.Ambulatory Care centers-a medical treatment centre where simple operations are performed on outpatients
-also called “clinic”
- have diagnostic and treatment facilities providing medical, nursing, laboratory and radiological services. They permitted the client to live at home while obtaining necessary health care, and they freely costly hospital bed for seriously ill clients.

4.Occupational health clinics
-is gaining importance as a setting for employee health care.
–it includes screening for such health problems like hypertension and obesity, caring for employee following injury and counseling.

I got as far as Tagalog, then i was lost. Unsure if there is a question in there somewhere

Diabetes Mellitus: Advancing Treatment_part1

February 202010

http://pcp.onlinemindanao.com

Type 2 diabetes mellitus today is a global epidemic, a continuing challenge despite the availability of effective therapeutic agents. Current treatment guidelines emphasize early and aggressive treatment targetting the known pathophysiological defects in type 2 diabetes. Yet the reality in clinical practice shows that fewer than 50% of patients under treatment achieve HbA1c levels even in developed countries.
More recently, the addition of incretin-based therapy offers significant solutions to the progressive loss of pancreatic beta cell function and other unmet needs in effective diabetes management. In this session, the role of diminished incretin effects in the metabolic derangements in type 2 diabetes will be reviewed. The mechanism of actions and the therapeutic uses of both incretin enhancers and incretin mimetics will be discussed, highlighting efficacy and safety data since they have been available for use in clinical practice. The role of these agents in addressing earliest defects in glucose homeostasis and postprandial hyperglycemia implies potential of preservation of beta cell function. Incretin-based therapy should clearly be considered as a major part of effective diabetes management in current clinical practice.

Duration : 0:7:11

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